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    分类:高考祝福语 时间:2019-05-25 本文已影响

         Guo Yonghai finally realized his dream of better living conditions when his family moved into a 45-square-meter apartment at the new Modi Community in Fushun, northeast China’s Liaoning Province.“We had lived in an old 25-square-meter shanty. Thanks to the government policy, we were granted a new apartment for only 12,000 yuan($1,904.76),” Guo said.
      From 2005 to 2011, a total of 706,000 families like Guo’s have moved out of shantytowns in Liaoning Province, according to the provincial Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Department.
      Figures from the department show that by the end of 2011, 29.1 million square meters of shantytowns had been renovated and 44.02 million square meters of new apartments had been built, improving living conditions for 2.11 million residents.
      “The task of renovating the province’s concentrated shantytowns has been basically accomplished,” said Department Director Wang Zhenggang, adding that more than 90 percent of the renovation project has been completed in the cities of the province.
      
       A PITIFUL LIFE: People lead their life at a shantytown in Dongzhou District in Fushun, Liaoning Province, on February 9, 2005
       A great achievement
       Liaoning Province had the largest area of China’s concentrated shantytowns. In order to improve the living conditions of residents, an ambitious project of renovating shantytowns was launched by the provincial government in 2005 and approved by the State Council, China’s cabinet.
      Liaoning was a national industrial base during the early 20th century and for a fairly long period after the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. It was home to major coal mines and heavy industries vital for the country’s economy and development.
      During Japan’s colonization of northeast China before and during the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression(1937-45), when large amounts of mineral resources were transported to Japan, and the New China’s exploitation, when coal and other minerals from Liaoning fueled factories all over China free of charge, large areas of makeshift work sheds were built for miners and became homes to their offspring in the following decades.
      In the past couple of decades, with the eastern coastal provinces driving the country’s development, Liaoning has been left far behind. Compounding this problem is the large number of laid-off workers, who lost their jobs as the country launched a large-scale reform of stateowned enterprises (SOEs). This made the living conditions in the shantytowns even worse.
      Bone-chilling winters without heat, corroded walls and roofs that threaten to cave in at any moment were all waking nightmares for shantytown residents, some of whom even have been injured by falling bricks.
      In the old Modi shantytown in Fushun, the list of woes used to read almost like a horror story—no tap water, no heating, no paved roads, no clean toilets and no primary school. In fact, its only primary school closed down in the mid-1980s because nobody wanted to send their children there.
      Fushun was a major coal base from the 1950s to the 1980s and employed about 20,000 workers at its peak. But even then, local SOEs didn’t provide enough houses for the workers before the 1990s because the motto then was “production overrides the principle of leisure.” In the early 1990s, most of the mines went bankrupt because coal de- posits had been depleted.
      The laid-off workers began settling in large groups on the outskirts of the city in the last decade. Since these settlements were not planned, they lacked even the basic amenities. The result was that conditions worsened as the surrounding areas developed, and came to be called “villages in the city.”
      Fushun government figures show that its shantytowns were spread over 3.18 million square meters where 320,000 people, or one fifth of its population, lived before the massive reconstruction of shantytowns.
      The Fushun Municipal Government began a pilot project to transform the shantytowns as early as 1987. But it could not afford to pay for it alone. In 2003, it tried to induce real estate developers to overcome the problem. But the shanty dwellers protested vehemently against the move because they said they wouldn’t be able to pay for a new house elsewhere with the compensation paid to them for their relocation.
      “The local government alone could not solve the problem. The provincial and central governments had to give a helping hand,”said Liu Guoqiang, Director of the Fushun Information Office.
      In fact, shantytown renovations in the province were progressing slowly until 2005. Large amounts of financing subsidized by the Central Government were invested into the reorganization of industries in an effort to boost the northeast China’s heavy industrial base. Real estate developers were disinclined to invest considering the bad locations of shantytowns, which were either far from the city center, or very near collieries, fearing the ground may sink into the excavated earth in the future.
      Among Liaoning’s nearly 2 million shantytown residents, mostly coalminers and their families, seven out of 10 relied on government relief. Senior citizens, the impoverished and unemployed made up a majority of shantytown residents. They had no money to buy new homes or to move from the shanties, thus the government and social welfare were a last resort for them.
      In December 2004, former Liaoning Party Secretary Li Keqiang visited a shantytown housing thousands of families in Fushun. Shocked by the miserable living conditions, Li promised to fulfill their long-awaited hopes. “We have resolved to settle your problems. It won’t be too long,” he told a resident.
      Starting in March 2005, the large-scale shantytown renovation project swept through 11 cities, mostly natural resource-exhausted cities in Liaoning. In June 2005, the Modi shantytown in Fushun also started its transformation. By the end of that year, 13 six-story residential buildings had come up.
      Most importantly, the residents paid small amounts to get their new houses. According to the house distribution methods, each family can acquire the same area as the room they moved out of for free, and the extra area of a bigger flat was sold for 600-800 yuan($95-127) per square meter, a third or half the market price. “On average, a family had to pay just 10,000 yuan ($1,587) for a new house,” said Wang Yajun, chief of Modi Community neighborhood committee.
      Residents saw their dreams come true when they moved from the shantytowns into the new apartments, which are equipped with all the necessary residential facilities and employed medical staff, security guards and property managers working in the community. Heating, gas and electricity fees were slashed to make them more affordable.
      Along with the housing project, high unemployment and other social problems stemming from the existence of shantytowns were addressed within a working coalition of different governmental sectors.
      According to Liaoning Housing and Urban-Rural Construction Department, in the six years from 2005 to 2011, more than 100,000 employment opportunities were provided to former shantytown residents, solving the employment problems for more than 23,000 families. Eighty percent of those laidoff workers found jobs again.
      Within the six years, average family revenue has increased 10,207 yuan ($1,620) annually, up 49 percent, according to the department.
      “The shantytown renovation project is not only about living but also about social justice and stability,” said Guo Enzhang, a professor at the China Urban Planning Society.
      According to an assessment report released by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) in June, more than 90 percent of former shantytown residents in Liaoning think their social status has been greatly improved and 85.7 percent believe social security has been obviously improved.
      
       An international model
      Wang Weiguang, Executive Vice President of the CASS, said that the renovation of shantytowns in Liaoning Province created a world wonder.
      “The number of reconstruction areas in Liaoning is almost twice the average number per year required by the UN Millennium Development Goals, which will be an immense achievement in any country or region,” Wang said, adding that the “government guided market operation” mode explored during the shantytown renovation will provide a good model for other places and countries.
      Facing the problem of a funding shortage, the Liaoning Provincial Government made a series of special policies to raise funds in various ways in a short time. The most creative one is the fund-raising mode of “government plus market plus society,” which means under the guidance of the government, using market ways to attract social funds.
      After years of market operation, many cities have realized the obvious increase in their fiscal revenues by transferring the land vacated from renovated shantytowns. In the six years from 2005 to 2011, the whole province obtained land of 134 square km by renovating shantytowns and raised 2.42 billion yuan($384.13 million) in funds.
      “The fund-raising mode activated the movement of funds between enterprises and public foundations, successfully proving the mode’s historic and systematic meaning,” said Banji Oyelaran-Oyeyinka, Director of the Global Monitoring and Research Division of UN-HABITAT who provided research for and helped formulate the CASS’ assessment report in JanuaryFebruary.
      In order to guarantee the efficient use of renovation funds, special accounts under close supervision were founded. The funds would be directly transferred from the city-level financial supervision departments to construction companies to reduce the chances of embezzlement. Meanwhile, to further strengthen the daily supervision to the renovation funds, an independent account system was adopted by audit and financial departments in managing the income and expenditure.
      “Another significance of the Liaoning shantytown renovation is that it showcased some systematic innovation,” said Banji. “The shantytown renovation project provides great opportunities for these cities to realize their economic structure transformation and to find new economic growth engines.”
      Meanwhile, the shantytown renovation project is an important part of the strategy of promoting all-round social development. With flexible policies and systematic innovation, the renovation project enabled former shanty residents to enjoy the same social services as other residents.
      Currently, the three-level social security system has been established in districts, streets and communities, covering retirement pensions, unemployment insurance, medical insurance and subsistence allowances.
      The last innovation is about property rights. After completion of shantytown renovation, the government adopted flexible forms to satisfy residents’ different requirements to property rights. These forms include full property rights, partial property rights and limited property rights plus low rents.
      “In all, the shantytown renovation in Liaoning put emphasis on cities’ balanced development, which guarantees the combination of the current renovation and the future innovation of those cities,” said Banji.“Liaoning’s experience provides guidelines not only to other Chinese provinces but also to other countries in transforming shantytowns.”
      With the experience, the Chinese Government pledged to speed up the transformation of shantytowns in cities around the country in the coming years, according to the National Human Rights Action Plan of China(2012-15).
      According to the Ministry of Finance, 6.5 billion yuan ($1.03 billion) has been allocated from the central budget to fund the country’s shantytown renovation projects.
      The money will be used to fund the government’s shantytown renovation scheme, including the relocation of shantytown residents and construction of new houses and infrastructure facilities, the ministry said.
      The amount has brought the Central Government’s total investment to 27.7 billion yuan ($4.4 billion) this year in the scheme, which is expected to benefit 1.9 million urban households nationwide.

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